Cities in American federalism: evidence on state-local government conflict from a survey of mayors

Previous scholarship on American federalism has largely focused on the national government's increasingly conflictual relationship with the states. While some studies have explored the rise of mandates at the state level, there has been comparatively less attention on state–local relationships. Using a new survey of mayors, we explore variations in local government attitudes towards their state governments. We find some evidence that, regardless of partisanship, mayors in more conservative states are unhappy about state funding and—especially—regulations. More strikingly, we also uncover a partisan mismatch in which Democratic mayors provide especially negative ratings of their state’s funding and—even more strongly—regulations. These findings have important implications for state–local relations as cities continue to become more Democratic and Republicans increasingly dominate state-level contests

Banking and Currency Crises: How Common Are Twins?

The coincidence of banking and currency crises associated with the Asian financial crisis has drawn renewed attention to causal and common factors linking the two phenomena. In this paper, we analyze the incidence and underlying causes of banking and currency crises in 90 industrial and developing countries over the 1975-97 period. We measure the individual and joint ("twin") occurrence of bank and currency crises and assess the extent to which each type of crisis provides information about the likelihood of the other. We find that the twin crisis phenomenon is most common in financially liberalized emerging markets. The strong contemporaneous correlation between currency and bank crises in emerging markets is robust, even after controlling for a host of macroeconomic and financial structure variables and possible simultaneity bias. We also find that the occurrence of banking crises provides a good leading indicator of currency crises in emerging markets. The converse does not hold, however, as currency crises are not a useful leading indicator of the onset of future banking crises. We conjecture that the openness of emerging markets to international capital flows, combined with a liberalized financial structure, make them particularly vulnerable to twin crises.

Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War

Conventional wisdom in economic history suggests that conflict between countries can be enormously disruptive of economic activity, especially international trade. Yet nothing is known empirically about these effects in large samples. We study the effects of war on bilateral trade for almost all countries with available data extending back to 1870. Using the gravity model, we estimate the contemporaneous and lagged effects of wars on the trade of belligerent nations and neutrals, controlling for other determinants of trade. We find large and persistent impacts of wars on trade, and hence on national and global economic welfare. A rough accounting indicates that such costs might be of the same order of magnitude as the """"direct"""" costs of war, such as lost human capital, as illustrated by case studies of World War I and World War II.trade

Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War

Conventional wisdom in economic history suggests that conflict between countries can be enormously disruptive of economic activity, especially international trade. We study the effects of war on bilateral trade with available data extending back to 1870. Using the gravity model, we estimate the contemporaneous and lagged effects of wars on the trade of belligerent nations and neutrals, controlling for other determinants of trade as well as the possible effects of reverse causality. We find large and persistent impacts of wars on trade, on national income, and on global economic welfare. We also conduct a general equilibrium comparative statics exercise that indicates costs associated with lost trade might be at least as large as the conventionally measured "direct" costs of war, such as lost human capital, as illustrated by case studies of World War I and World War II.

"Competing Micro Economic Theories Of Industrial Profits: An Empirical Approach"

Contrary to the impression given by most textbooks, microeconomics is not a homogeneous discipline. At least two major alternative theories exist which account for the long-run behavior of industrial prices and the between economic sectors in ways which are distinct from standard neoclassical explanations. Both Post Keynesian and Classical (Marxian/NeoRicardian) approaches to economics have developed a growing literature on microfoundations in recent years (see, e.g. Eichner, 1985; Dumenil & Levy, 1985).

Productivity, Tradability, and the Long-Run Price Puzzle

Long-run cross-country price data exhibit a puzzle. Today, richer countries exhibit higher price levels than poorer countries, a stylized fact usually attributed to the Balassa- Samuelson effect. But looking back fifty years, this effect virtually disappears from the data. What is often assumed to be a universal property is actually quite specific to recent times, emerging a half century ago and growing steadily over time. What might potentially explain this historical pattern? We develop an updated Balassa-Samuelson model inspired by recent developments in trade theory, where a continuum of goods are differentiated by productivity, and where tradability is endogenously determined. Firms experiencing productivity gains are more likely to become tradable and crowd out firms not experiencing productivity gains. As a result the usual Balassa-Samuelson assumption—that productivity gains be concentrated in the traded goods sector—emerges endogenously, and the Balassa-Samuelson effect on relative price levels likewise evolves gradually over time.Balassa-Samuelson theory,

Negligence—Last Clear Chance Held Applicable Though Defendant\u27s Driver Did Not See Decedent

Chadwick v. City of New York, 301 N. Y. 176, 93 N. E. 2d 625 (1950)

A Comparison of Two Methods of Recording and Analyzing Student Clinician-Client Interaction: Boone and Prescott System and the ABC System

This study was designed to analyze and compare two objective methods of recording clinician-client interaction: The Boone and Prescott System and the Analysis of Behaviors of Clinician (ABC) System, in terms of the information each system presents. Since eight categories on both systems are similar, the systems were analyzed using the eight similar categories, then analyzed using all categories in both systems. The systems were analyzed in terms of total number of observations and rank order of categories. Subjects for this study were eight undergraduate clinicians from the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology at the University of North Dakota. The clinicians were involved in articulation and language therapy with clients from four to six years of age. Each clinician was videotaped for ten consecutive minutes during each of three forty-minute therapy sessions. Each ten-minute sample was analyzed using both objective systems of recording clinician-client interaction. When the total number of observations from the entire Boone and Prescott System and the entire ABC System were compared, the difference was nonsignificant at tlie .05 significance level. However, when only the eight similar categories of both systems were compared, the Boone and Prescott System yielded significantly more observed behaviors at the .01 significance level. When the similar behaviors from each system were compared, a significant difference at the .05 level resulted in three categories and at the .01 level in one category

Do mayors run for higher office? New evidence on progressive ambition

The mayor’s office potentially offers a launchpad for statewide and national political ambitions. We know relatively little, however, about how frequently mayors actually run for higher office, and which mayors choose to do so. This article combines longitudinal data on the career paths of the mayors of 200 big cities with new survey and interview data to investigate these questions. While we find that individual and city traits—especially gender—have some predictive power, the overwhelming story is that relatively few mayors—just under one-fifth—ever seek higher office. We suggest that ideological, institutional, and electoral factors all help to explain why so few mayors exhibit progressive ambition

Letter from Philip M. Glick, WRA Solicitor to Elmer L. Shirrell, Dir., Tule Lake [re: Bill to take away Japanese-American citizenship], September 29, 1942

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